How many s bond orbitals are available for overlap with the vacant p orbital in the methyl cation? b. which is more stable: a methyl cation or an ethyl cation? why? problem 3 ♦ a. how many s bond orbitals are available for overlap with the vacant p orbital in 1. the isobutyl cation? 2. the n-butyl cation? 3. the sec-butyl cation? b. which of the carbocations in part a is most stable? problem 4 ♦ rank the following carbocations in each set from most stable to least stable:

2points why do scientists need governmental funding? o a. government politicians ask all the important scientific questions. o b. scientists have to pay taxes to the government on the money they make. o c. the cost of doing scientific research can be very high. o d. the government is controlled by scientists. submit

If a reactant was removed, did the new equilibrium system shift to make more reactants or more products?

The scheme below is from a series of reactions that are part of a synthesis of vitamin a. answer the following questions with reference to this scheme. (i) what is "reagent a"? (ii) draw a step-by-step mechanism which explains the formation of compound c from compound b (iii) which reagents would you use to form compound e from compounds c and d (reagents b and c)? for each reagent suggested above in (ii) explain the role of the reagent in the reaction to (iv) form compound e. you may wish to do this by drawing a mechanism. 1. addition of reagent a но reagent a 2. н,о" thо oh нон-с compound a. compound b. compound c .ch-оh 1. reagent b "сно 2. reagent c сh oh compound e. compound d.