Consider the following pairs of structures and identify the relationship between them by describing them as representing enantiomers, diastereomers, constitutional isomers, or two molecules of the same compound.

a) same compound. b) enantiomers. c) diastereomers. d) same compound. e) same compound. f) constitutional isomers. g) diastereomers. h) enantiomers. i) same compound j) enantiomers. k) diastereomers. l) same compound. m) diastereomers. n) constitutional isomers. o) diastereomers. p) same compound. q) same compound.

Explanation:

Enantiomers are compounds are compounds containing chiral centers which are non-superimposable and mirror images such as the compounds in (b), (h), and (j). Diastereomers on the other hand are compounds that containing chiral centers that are non-superimposable but are not mirror images such as the compounds in (c), (g), (k), (m), and (o). Contrarily, constitutional isomers are compounds having the same molecular formula but different connectivity. To check if two molecules are constitutional isomers, the best option is to count the total number of each atom in both molecules and check how the atoms in the molecules are arranged such as the compounds in (f) and (n). The rest are the same compounds.

each chemical family is represented as a group or column on the periodic table. based on chemical properties, there are 6 types of chemical families. group 1 represents alkali metals, group 2 represents alkaline earth metals, groups 3 to 12 represent transition metals, groups 13 to 16 represent non-metals and other metals, group 17 represents halogens and group 18 represents noble gases.

chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, called chemical synthesis or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances. these processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions. some reactions produce heat and are called exothermic reactions and others may require heat to enable the reaction to occur, which are called endothermic reactions. understanding chemical changes is a major part of the science of chemistry.