The radius of a lithium atom is 130 picometers, and the radius of a fluorine atom is 60 picometers. the radius of a lithium ion, li⁺, is 59 picometers, and the radius of a fluoride ion, f⁻, is 133 picometers. explain, in terms of subatomic particles, why the radius of a lithium ion is smaller than the radius of a lithium atom.

A positive ions is always smaller than the corresponding atom.

A negative ion is always larger than the corresponding atom.

Explanation:

The reason for this is that, when a positive ion is formed, a full shell is usually removed with its electrons thereby reducing the size of the electron cloud and decreasing the size of the electron cloud.

A negative ion is formed by addition of more electrons to the electron cloud hence it spreads out. Interelectronic repulsion accounts for the larger size of the negative ion.

answer: c. the experiment shows that the red substance experienced a chemical change.

explanation: chemical change is the change in which chemical composition of the substance changes. physical change is the change in which there is no change in chemical composition.

chemical changes are accompanied by following changes:

a) precipitate formation

b) energy is released or absorbed

c) formation of bubbles

d) change in color

as it is given that the red color has disappeared and there is production of gas, it means the red substance has undergone a chemical change.

e

2b2t

explanation:

2b2t