1. magnesium is the limiting reactant in this experiment. calculate the theoretical yield of mgo for trial 1 and 2.

2. determine the percent yield of mgo for your experiment for trial 1 and 2.

3. determine the average percent yield of mgo for the two trials.

Part 1

Theoretical yield of MgO for trial 1 = 0.84 g

Theoretical yield of MgO for trial 2 = 1.01 g

Part 2

Percent yield trial 1 = 28.6 %

Percent yield trial 2 = 49.9 %

Part 3

Average percent yield of MgO for two trial = 39.25 %

Explanation:

Part 1.

Data Given

                                                              Trial 1                     Trial 2

mass of empty crucible and lid:          26.679 g               26.685 g

mass of Mg metal, crucible and lid:    26.931 g               26.988 g

mass of MgO, crucible and lid:            27.090 g              27.179 g

Theoretical yield of MgO for trial 1 and 2 = ?

Solution:

As Mg is limiting reagent so amount of MgO depends on the amount of Mg.

So, now we will look for the reaction to calculate theoretical yield

MgO form by the following reaction:

               Mg  +  O₂ >  2 MgO

              1 mol                        2 mol

Convert moles to mass

Molar mass of Mg = 24 g/mol

Molar mass of MgO = 24 + 16 = 40 g/mol

So,

                     Mg        +         O₂      >     2 MgO

            1 mol (24 g/mol)                                  2 mol(40 g/mol)

                   24 g                                                    80 g

So,

24 g of Mg gives 80 g of MgO

To Calculate theoretical yield of MgO for Trial 1

First we look for the mass of Mg in the Crucible

Mass of Mg = mass of Mg metal, crucible and lid - mass of empty crucible and lid

       Mass of Mg = 26.931 g - 26.679 g

       Mass of Mg = 0.252 g

As we come to know that 24 g of Mg gives 80 g of MgO, then amount of Mg from trial 1 that is 0.252 g will produce how many grams of MgO

Apply unity formula

               24 g of Mg ≅ 80 g of MgO

               0.252 g of Mg ≅ X g of MgO

Do cross multiplication

               X g of MgO = 0.252 g x 80 g / 24 g

               X g of MgO = 0.84 g

So the theoretical yield of MgO is  0.84 g

To Calculate theoretical yield of MgO for Trial 2

First we look for the mass of Mg in the Crucible

Mass of Mg = mass of Mg metal, crucible and lid - mass of empty crucible and lid

      Mass of Mg = 26.988 g - 26.685 g

      Mass of Mg = 0.303 g

As we come to know that 24 g of Mg gives 80 g of MgO, then amount of Mg from trial 2 that is 0.303 g will produce how many grams of MgO

Apply unity formula

               24 g of Mg ≅ 80 g of MgO

                0.303 g of Mg ≅ X g of MgO

Do cross multiplication

               X g of MgO = 0.303 g x 80 g / 24 g

               X g of MgO = 1.01 g

So the theoretical yield of MgO is  1.01 g

Part 2

percent yield of MgO for trial 1 and 2 = ?

Solution:

For trial 1

To calculate percent yield we have to know about actual yield of MgO

Mass of MgO = mass of MgO, crucible and lid - mass of empty crucible and lid

    Mass of MgO =  27.090 g -  26.685 g

    Mass of MgO =  0.24 g

And we also know that

Theoretical yield of MgO for trial 1 = 0.84 g

Formula used

       Percent yield = actual yield / theoretical yield x 100

put values in above formula

       Percent yield =  0.24 g / 0.84 g x 100

       Percent yield = 28.6 %

For trial 2

To calculate percent yield we have to know about actual yield of MgO

Mass of MgO = mass of MgO, crucible and lid - mass of empty crucible and lid

    Mass of MgO =   27.179 g -  26.685 g

    Mass of MgO =  0.494 g

And we also know that

Theoretical yield of MgO for trial 2 = 1.01 g

Formula used

       Percent yield = actual yield / theoretical yield x 100

put values in above formula

       Percent yield =   0.494 g/ 1.01 g x 100

       Percent yield = 49.9 %

Part 3

average percent yield of MgO for the two trials =?

Solution:

As we know

Percent yield trial 2 = 28.6 %

Percent yield trial 2 = 49.9 %

Formula used

Average percent yield = percent yield trial 1 + percent yield trial 2 / 2

Put values in above formula

           Average percent yield = 28.6 + 49.9  / 2

           Average percent yield = 78.5 / 2

           Average percent yield = 39.25 %

Average percent yield of MgO for two trial = 39.25 %

"among the transition metal elements, manganese and zinc have a slight lowering of electronegativities. the reason behind this is that the nuclear charges of these elements are slightly weaker than the other transition metal elements due to the way their valence electrons are filled up. both manganese and zinc have their valence electrons filled up to the 4th shell with 1 pair of electrons (4s2) completely occupying it. although the electrons in the 3rd shell (3d) are yet to be paired since the outer most shell is filled up, the ability of the nucleus to attract electrons is lessened. hence,   the electronegativity (or the ability to attract electrons) is lessened."

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