Mandelic acid is an organic acid composed of carbon (63.15%), hydrogen (5.30%), and oxygen (31.55%). Its molar mass is 152.15 g/mol. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of the acid.

The answer to your question is empirical formula  C₂.₆H₂.₆O₁

                                                    molecular formula  C₈H₈O₃    

Explanation:

Data

Carbon   63.15%

Hydrogen  5.30%

Oxygen  31.55 %

Molar mass = 152.15 g

Process

1.- Express the percents as grams

Carbon   63.15g

Hydrogen  5.30g

Oxygen  31.55 g

2.- Calculate the moles of these elements

Carbon               12 g 1 mol

                           63.15 g  x

                           x = (63.15 x 1) / 12

                           x = 5.2625 moles

Hydrogen             1 g 1 mol

                           5.3 g  x

                           x = (5.3 x 1)/1

                           x = 5.3 moles

Oxygen                 16 g 1 mol

                             31.55 g  x

                              x = (31.55 x 1)/16

                              x = 1.97 moles

2.- Divide by the lowest number of moles

Carbon          5.2625/1.97 = 2.6  

Hydrogen      5.3/1.97 = 2.6        

Oxygen          1.97/197 = 1              

3.- Write the empirical formula

                          C₂.₆H₂.₆O₁

4.- Write the molecular formula

Molar mass of empirical formula = (12 x8) + (1 x 8) + (16 x 3) = 152

                          152.15/149.8 = 3

Multiply the empirical formula by 3

                          C₈H₈O₃                  

definition

                    entropy is a measure of the randomness or the extent of disorder of a chemical process.

                      enthalpy is a measure of the heat change of a reaction occurring at a constant pressure.

measurement units:

                        entropy is measured in joule per kelvin (jk⁻¹)   whereas enthalpy is measured in joule per mole (jmol⁻¹)

requirements:

                            entropy has no requirements or limits, and its change is measured by the division between the heat change of the chemical process and the temperature.

                              in contrast, enthalpy can only be related to the heat change of the reaction under standard conditions.

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