Nitrogen (N2) gas within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a compression from P1 = 0.2 MPa, ?1 = 2.75 m3 to a state where P2 = 2 MPa. The relationship between pressure and volume during the process is P?1.35 = constant. For the N2, determine (a) the volume at state 2, in m3, and (b) the work in k

the electrical  conductivity  of asolution  of an electrolyte is measured by determining the resistance of thesolution  between two flat or cylindrical electrodes separated by a fixed distance.

thats how its supposed to be

it can be observed without changing the identity of the object.

it depends on what substance you're talking about as well as many other factors. in quantum mechanics, the observation of particles affects the observers ability to measure certain properties. for example: you can know the velocity of a particle, but you can't know it's position; or you can know it's position, but not it's velocity. it's like trying to find out where a grain of sand is by throwing other grains of sand at it. once you find out where it is, it's been moved. it's also like trying to find an answer to the question of whether or not a tree falling in a forest makes a sound if nobody is there to hear it. paradoxically, the only way to find out is to be there and hear it.