A biochemical engineer isolates a bacterial gene fragment and dissolves an 11.3 mg sample of the material in enough water to make 32.2 mL of solution. The osmotic pressure of the solution is 0.340 torr at 25°C.
(a) What is the molar mass of the gene fragment?
(b) If the solution density is 0.997 g/mL, how large is the freezing point depression for this solution (Kf of water = 1.86 °C/m)?

For a: The molar mass of the gene fragment is 19182 g/mol

For b: The freezing point depression of this solution is

Explanation:

For a:

To calculate the concentration of solute, we use the equation for osmotic pressure, which is:

Or,

where,

= osmotic pressure of the solution = 0.340 torr

i = Van't hoff factor = 1 (for non-electrolytes)

Given mass of sample = 11.3 mg = 0.0113 g    (Conversion factor: 1 g = 1000 mg)

Molar mass of gene fragment = ?

Volume of solution = 32.2 mL

R = Gas constant =

T = temperature of the solution =

Putting values in above equation, we get:

Hence, the molar mass of the gene fragment is 19182 g/mol

For b:

To calculate the mass of solution, we use the equation:

Density of solution = 0.997 g/mL

Volume of solution = 32.2 mL

Putting values in above equation, we get:

Mass of solvent = [32.1034 - 0.0113] = 32.0921 g

Depression in freezing point is defined as the difference in the freezing point of pure solution and freezing point of solution.

To calculate the depression in freezing point, we use the equation:

Or,

where,

Freezing point of pure solution = 0°C

i = Vant hoff factor = 1 (For non-electrolytes)

= molal freezing point elevation constant = 1.86°C/m

= Given mass of solute (gene fragment) = 0.0113 g

= Molar mass of solute (gene fragment) = 19182 g/mol

= Mass of solvent (water) = 32.0921 g

Putting values in above equation, we get:

Hence, the freezing point depression of this solution is

D)can be increased in a closed system

There is one s orbital, and there are three p orbitals, five d orbitals, and seven f orbitals. thus, the answer is b. do not confuse the number of orbitals in a subshell with the number of electrons the subshell can hold. each orbital can hold two electrons, so the capacity of an nf subshell is 14 electrons.