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Reflection is the reversal in direction of a ray of light. Refraction occurs at the boundary between two media having different properties. Diffraction has to do with the spreading out of waves.

Reflection is the change in the direction of a ray of light. Reflection is commonly observed in mirrors. Microscopes work on the principle of reflection of light.

Diffraction refers to the is the spreading out of a wave as it emerges from an aperture. Diffraction is the reason why a loud teacher can be heard even when the door is barely cracked. X-ray operates on the principle of diffraction.

Refraction is the change in the direction of a wave as it passes from one medium to another having different properties. Refraction is responsible fro the fact that straw appears broken in water. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of refraction according to Snell's law.

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Reflection:

Angle of incidence equals angle of this

Mirrors effectively operate because of this

Refraction:

Explain why a straw looks broken in a glass of water

Occurs when a wave moves from one medium to another...

Most microscopes take advantage of

Diffraction:

X - ray crystallography

The spreading out of waves...

Explains why anyone in the classroom can hear that loud teacher...

Explanation:

Let us first differentiate reflection, refraction, and diffraction.

Reflection occurs when the waves bounce off the medium or the boundary that is in the way of the wave. Some part of the wave would bounce off, and the others would go through the medium through a process called transmission.

When light for example hits a smooth surface at a certain angle, the light would bounce off, creating an equal going the other way.

Best example of this behavior of light would be the mirror.

Refraction on the other hand, bends the waves as they go through one medium to another medium, or change their direction. The amount or degree of the bend would depend on the medium they go through. If the mediums are different, it would substantially change the wave's path. The reason for this is because the medium changes the speed of the waves that go through them, depending on the material they are made up of.

A classic example of this would be the straw in a glass of water.

Diffraction occurs when the waves go through an opening of the medium or barrier. If the opening is smaller than the wave that passes through it, it would spread out wider, coming out of the opening, but if it is bigger, then the spread would decrease.

In x-ray crystallography, they use this by letting x-rays pass through the spaces in between the crystals.

c. orbital shape i hope this is correct