You want to make a pH 7.0 buffer using NaOH and phosphoric acid. The sum of the concentrations of all phosphoric species is 0.1M. The equilibrium constants for concentrations given in mol/L for the following equilibria are;H3PO4 <---> H+ + H2PO4- (K1= 7.1e-3)H2PO4- <---> H+ + HPO4 (2-) (K2 = 6.2e-8)HPO4(2-) <---> H+ + PO4(3-) (K3= 4.5e-13)a) write the equation that specifies that the solution is electrically neutral. b) Calculate the concentrations of all species in buffer.

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The scheme below is from a series of reactions that are part of a synthesis of vitamin a. answer the following questions with reference to this scheme. (i) what is "reagent a"? (ii) draw a step-by-step mechanism which explains the formation of compound c from compound b (iii) which reagents would you use to form compound e from compounds c and d (reagents b and c)? for each reagent suggested above in (ii) explain the role of the reagent in the reaction to (iv) form compound e. you may wish to do this by drawing a mechanism. 1. addition of reagent a но reagent a 2. н,о" thо oh нон-с compound a. compound b. compound c .ch-оh 1. reagent b "сно 2. reagent c сh oh compound e. compound d.