The fact that water requires a large amount of energy before its temperature changes is the result of
water's
a. lower density as a solid.
b. ability to demonstrate capillarity.
c. ability to exhibit surface tension.
d. high specific heat.

high specific heat.

Explanation:

The specific heat is the heat change when one unit mass or volume of a substance undergoes a change in temperature of 1°C.

For example for water it requires 4.18 J or 1 cal of energy to heat one gram of it to change its temperature by  1°C.

Higher the specific heat more the energy required to change the temperature.

The specific heat of water is 4.18J/g°C or 1 cal/g°C.

It is high and thus water requires a large amount of energy before its temperature changes.

it is to be noted that an alpha particle is an helium nucleus. so it contains 2 protons 2 neutrons and has a mass number of 4. when alpha decay particles are ejected from the nucleus it gets transformed into an atom which has atomic number less than 2 and a mass number less than 4.

an equation that could represent alpha decay is radium 226 decay of alpha particle forms radon 222.

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1. they vary with a higher number because boiling is way hotter than melting