Consider a closed vessel of fixed volume containing equal masses of water, ethanol, and toluene at 70°C. Three phases (two liquid and one vapor) are present. (a) How many variables, in addition to the mass of each component and the temperature

chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, called chemical synthesis or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances. these processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions. some reactions produce heat and are called exothermic reactions and others may require heat to enable the reaction to occur, which are called endothermic reactions. understanding chemical changes is a major part of the science of chemistry.