A hydrogen atom can be in the 1S state, whose energy we'll call 0, the 2S state, or any of 3 2P states. The 2S and 2P states have energies of 10.2 eV. There are other states with higher energy but we'll ignore them for simplicity. The 2P states have distinctive optical properties, so we're interested in how many are present even when it's a small fraction of the total?

-- 5.8×10⁻⁹ of the H is in 2P states at T=5900 K, a typical Sun surface temperature.

-- 3.3×10⁻¹² of the H is in 2P states at T=4300 K, a typical Sunspot temperature.

Explanation:

Explanation:

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increased stability in the completion of fluorine's outer shell.