Substituents on an aromatic ring can have several effects on electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Substituents can activate or deactivate the ring to substitution, donate or withdraw electrons inductively, donate or withdraw electrons through resonance, and direct substitution either to the ortho/para or to the meta positions. From the following lists, select the substituents that have the indicated property. The substituents are written as -XY, where X is the atom directly bound to the aromatic ring. Activation of the ring Withdrawal of electrons Ortho/para-directed towards substitution. substitution through resonance. CN OH CF3 NHCOCH3 SO3H NO OCOCH3 CH OCOCH3 COOH COOH NH Br Orthopara-directing groups can donate electrons to the ring via induction or resonance, and then resonance conjugation in the ring increases electron density at the ortho and para positions.