1) What chemical was the Permanganate testing for? What type of reagent is permanganate (reducing agent, nucleophile, etc.)? What chemical was the ceric nitrate testing for? In a positive ceric nitrate test, the chemical in the previous question in present; what reaction does the presence of this chemical indicate had happened? 2) During this experiment, we exposed solutions of aspartame to base. What was the product of this reaction? Suppose you took your beverage containing aspartame and exposed it to concentrated H2SO4 and heat. What are products you might observe that you didn’t just mention? Which bond(s) are broken in the formation of these products? 3) This experiment relied on TLC and other qualitative tests. Why were IR or NMR spectroscopy not an option for analysis? 4) Which colors were observed after dipping your TLC plate in ninhydrin? Why were there multiple different colored products, and what functional groups did each colored product contain? What features of the starting material’s structure caused these colorimetric differences?

answer: the rate of diffusion increases with increase in temperature.

increase in temperature, increases the molecular/particles speed (kinetic energy. diffusion means movement of particles through the material.

generally, the heavier the particle the more it interacts with the environment and more the temperature matters. so higher temperature results in higher diffusion.

definition

                    entropy is a measure of the randomness or the extent of disorder of a chemical process.

                      enthalpy is a measure of the heat change of a reaction occurring at a constant pressure.

measurement units:

                        entropy is measured in joule per kelvin (jk⁻¹)   whereas enthalpy is measured in joule per mole (jmol⁻¹)

requirements:

                            entropy has no requirements or limits, and its change is measured by the division between the heat change of the chemical process and the temperature.

                              in contrast, enthalpy can only be related to the heat change of the reaction under standard conditions.