Substituents on an aromatic ring can have several effects on electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Substituents can activate or deactivate the ring to substitution, donate or withdraw electrons inductively, donate or withdraw electrons through resonance, and direct substitution either to the ortho/para or to the meta positions. From the following lists, select the substituents that have the indicated property. The substituents are written as -XY, where X is the atom directly bound to the aromatic ring.

Activation of the ring towards substitution.

a. -CFS
b. -NO2
c. -OCOCH3
d. -NH2

Withdrawal of electrons through resonance.

a. -OH
b. -CH3
c. -COOH
d. -SO3H

Ortho/para-directed substitution.
a. -CN
b. -NHCOCH3
c. -OCOCH3
d. -COOH

Which traits do human embryos have that link them to a common ancestor with fish and reptiles? a. scales and tail b. gill slits and scales c. tail and gill slits d. hair and tail

What are transitions between a liquid and gas called? identify which way they are transitioning

Part b: study of equilibrium on solubility: mg(oh)2(s) ⇌ mg2+(aq) + 2 oh–(aq) cloudy clear (pink) 7. a. b. 8. a. b. 9. 10. 11. 12. when adding concentrated hydrochloric acid, how did the appearance of the equilibrium mixture change? the change in appearance indicated a shift in the point of equilibrium. in which direction did the equilibrium shift? (l) left (r) right explain your answer to question 7a. you should indicate which ion was added to or removed from the equilibrium mixture. when adding edta, how did the appearance of the equilibrium mixture change? the change in appearance indicated a shift in the point of equilibrium. in which direction did the equilibrium shift? (l) left (r) right explain your answer to question 8a. you should indicate which ion was added to or removed from the equilibrium mixture. upon heating in which direction is the equilibrium shifting? upon cooling in which direction is the equilibrium shifting? is the forward reaction a. endothermic explain your answers to questions 9, 10, and 11. (l) left (r) right (l) left (r) right b. exothermic