Hafnium (Hf) has six naturally occurring isotopes: 0.16% of 174Hf, with an atomic weight of 173.940 amu; 5.26% of 176Hf, with an atomic weight of 175.941 amu; 18.60% of 177Hf, with an atomic weight of 176.943 amu; 27.28% of 178Hf, with an atomic weight of 177.944 amu; 13.62% of 179Hf, with an atomic weight of 178.946 amu; and 35.08% of 180Hf, with an atomic weight of 179.947 amu. Calculate the average atomic weight of Hf.

178.463 amu

Explanation:

Average atomic weight of Hafnium is calculated as follows;

[(0.0016 × 173.940) + (0.0526 × 175.941) + (0.186 × 176.943) + (0.2728 × 177.944) + (0.1362 × 178.946) + (0.3508 × 179.947)] =0.278 + 9.234 + 32.911 + 48.543 + 24.372 + 63.125 = 178.463 amu

Therefore, average atomic weight of Hafnium is 178.463 amu

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.

cytokinesis is the splitting of a cell membrane to form 2 identical daughter cells. it's similar to mitosis as both cells have identical copies of dna and cytokinesis is a step in the mitotic cycle.