Hard water often contains dissolved Mg2+and Ca2+ions. Water softeners often use sodium carbonate to soften the water. Sodium carbonate is soluble in water, but the carbonate ions form insoluble precipitates with the calcium and magnesium ions, removing them from solution. Suppose a 2.91L solution is 0.0396 M in calcium nitrate and 0.0661 M in magnesium chloride. What mass of sodium carbonate would have to be added to this solution to completely eliminate the hard water ions?

32.5g of sodium carbonate

Explanation:

Reaction of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) with Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ as follows:

Na₂CO₃(aq) + Ca²⁺(aq) → CaCO₃(s)

Na₂CO₃(aq) + Mg²⁺(aq) → MgCO₃(s)

1 mole of carbonate reacts per mole of the cations.

To know the mass of sodium carbonate we must know the moles of carbonate we need to add based on the moles of the cations:

Moles Mg²⁺:

2.91L * (0.0661 moles MgCl₂ / 1L) = 0.192 moles MgCl₂ = Moles Mg²⁺

Moles Ca²⁺:

2.91L * (0.0396mol Ca(NO₃)₂ / 1L) = 0.115 moles Ca(NO₃)₂ = Moles Ca²⁺

That means moles of sodium carbonate you must add are:

0.192 moles + 0.115 moles = 0.307 moles sodium carbonate.

In grams (Using molar mass Na₂CO₃ = 105.99g/mol):

0.307 moles Na₂CO₃ * (105.99g / mol) =

answer: option (b) is the correct answer.

explanation:

a covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons. whereas polarity arises due to difference in electronegativity of two atoms.

therefore, more is the electronegativity of an atom which combines with the titanium, more readily it will induce a partial positive and negative charge.

thus, out of the given options fluorine is most electronegative and has an incomplete octet. therefore, it will readily combine with titanium to share the electrons and complete its octet.