What do the two columns you identified above suggest about which particle(s) determine the identity of an element?

acid rain does not usually kill trees directly. instead, it is more likely to weaken the trees by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or poisoning them with toxic substances slowly released from the soil. the main atmospheric pollutants that affect trees are nitrates and sulphates.

with this one i know the answer in craters one reason i looked it up and i learned about it there is my evidence

c. electrical charges of ionic bonds.