Calculate the standard biological Gibbs free energy for the reaction: pyruvate- + NADH + H+(aq) ---> Lactate- + NAD+ at 309 K given that the standard Gibbs free energy = -65.0 kJ/mol at this temperature. This reaction occurs under conditions of low oxygen supply, such as in muscle cells during strenuous exercise. Note: See Box 7.1 on page 164. The biological standard state has hydrogen ions at 1x10-7 molar instead of 1 M.

Explanation:

T = Temperature = 309 K

= Standard Gibbs free energy = -65.0 kJ/mol

R = Gas constant = 8.314 J/mol K

= Biological standard state has hydrogen ions =

Reaction quotient is given by

Standard biological Gibbs free energy is given by

The standard biological Gibbs free energy of the reaction is

8

explanation:

each principal energy level above the first contains one s orbital and three p orbitals. a set of three p orbitals, called the p sublevel, can hold a maximum of six electrons. therefore, the second level can contain a maximum of eight electrons - that is, two in the s orbital and 6 in the three p orbitals.

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