Chemistry, 11.11.2020 18:10 nostalgiafaith

The first excited electronic energy level of the helium atom is 3.13 x 10-18 J above the ground level. Estimate the temperature at which the electronic motion will begin to make a significant contribution to the heat capacity. That is, at what temperature will the ratio of the population of the first excited state to the ground state be 5.0%?

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Answer from: OwenK97

75603.86473 K

Explanation:

Given that:

The 1st excited electronic energy level of He atom = 3.13 × 10⁻¹⁸ J

The objective of this question is to estimate the temperature at which the ratio of the population will be 5.0 between the first excited state to the ground state.

The formula for estimating the ratio of population in 1st excited state to the ground state can be computed as:

$\dfrac{N_2}{N_1} = e ^{^{-\dfrac{(E_2-E_1)}{KT}}} = e ^{^{-\dfrac{(\Delta E)}{KT}}}$

From the above equation:

Δ E = energy difference = 3.13 × 10⁻¹⁸ J

k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 × 10⁻²³ J/K

$\dfrac{N_2}{N_1} = 0.5$

Thus:

$0.05 =e^{^{ -\dfrac{3.13 \times 10^{-18} \ J}{1.38\times 10^{-23 \ J/K}\times T}}}$

$In (0.05) = { -\dfrac{3.13 \times 10^{-18} \ J}{1.38\times 10^{-23 \ J/K}\times T}}}$

$-3.00 = { -\dfrac{3.13 \times 10^{-18} \ J}{1.38\times 10^{-23 \ J/K}\times T}}}$

$-3.00 = -226811.5942 \times \dfrac{1}{T}$

$T = \dfrac{-226811.5942}{-3.00 }$

T = 75603.86473 K

Answer from: Quest

alkaline metals are lithium, sodium, rubidium, potassium, cesium and francium.

alkali metals have electronegativity from 0.7 to 1, lowest in periodic table of elements, which means that alkali metals (i group in periodic table) has positive oxidation number in compounds.

electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself.

alkaline metals (far left in main group) have lowest ionizations energy and easy remove valence electrons,

for example, potassium is the alkali metal and has a single valence electron in the outer electron shell.

electron configuration of potassium is: ₁₉k 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹.

they can not exist alone in nature, because they are very reactive.

Answer from: Quest

it can be observed without changing the identity of the object.

it depends on what substance you're talking about as well as many other factors. in quantum mechanics, the observation of particles affects the observers ability to measure certain properties. for example: you can know the velocity of a particle, but you can't know it's position; or you can know it's position, but not it's velocity. it's like trying to find out where a grain of sand is by throwing other grains of sand at it. once you find out where it is, it's been moved. it's also like trying to find an answer to the question of whether or not a tree falling in a forest makes a sound if nobody is there to hear it. paradoxically, the only way to find out is to be there and hear it.

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