Observe the long-term effects OT erosion on 1.
Click Play ( )). Wait for about 20,000 simulated years, then click Pause ( 1 ). If you want,
you can drag the landscape to rotate the view. How much does the landscape change?

Several erosive agents affect the soil structure and composition. Selecting sandstone, 100cm/yr precipitation, 20ºC, and 50% vegetation cover, there is 45% of eroded rock. The general landscape appearance changes little.

Erosion is the process of fertile soil loss.

It is due to several external agents that damage the ground and drag the exposed material from the superficial layer of the earth.

Some of the erosive agents are water, wind, ice, gravity, or animal trampling.

Three main phases compose the erosion process

a) particles landslide

b) transport of superficial free particles

c) deposit/sedimentation.

Soil erosion leads to its degradation.

Since its regeneration is extremely slow, erosion produces several negative events that lead to soil loss as a non-renewable natural resource.

All the erosive agents act together modifying the soil composition, shape, and structure. The loss of plant cover increases, even more, the erosive effects.

Soil vegetation cover reduces erosion because the aerial part of the plant protects the surface, while roots protect the ground structure and retain water.

The less vegetation cover there is, the more exposed the soil is, and the more severe effects the erosive agents cause.

In the exposed example, we have many variables to control and analyze their effect on soil erosion. Before playing the simulation, I chose the followings

Under these conditions, after 20,000 years there was 0.42 km³ of eroded rock.

The general aspect of the landscape changed very little, suggesting that erosion occurs slowly.

Probably, if we change the values of the variables, we will observe a sharper change. For instance, if we take the vegetable cover to less than 20% and increase the levels of precipitation and temperature, we will observe a faster erosion process and a wider affected area.

You can learn more about erosion at

link

link

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explanation:

part 1: the half-life of the element is 22 years.

part 2: it will take 132.02 year for the sample to decay from 308.0 g to 4.8125 g.

explanation:

part 1: there are two ways to determine the half life time.

first way: the half life time can be determined directly from its definition as it is the time required for the sample to decay to its half concentration.

from the data the initial concentration was 45.0 g and decayed to its half value (22.5 g) in 22.0 years.

second way: the radio active decay is considered first order reaction so we can use the laws of first order reactions.

k = (1/t) ln (a/a-x), where k is the rate constant of the reaction,

t is the time of the reaction

a is the initial concentration of the reactant

a-x is the remaining concentration at time (t)

a = 45.0 g the initial concentration at t = 0 year.

at t = 22 year, a-x = 22.5 g

then k = (1/22 year) ln (45.0 g/ 22.5 g) = 0.0315 year-1.

the half-life time (t1/2) = ln 2/ k = 0.693/ k =0.693/ 0.0315 = 22 years.

part 2:

using the same law k = (1/t) ln (a/a-x),

using the given data; a = 308.0 g and a-x = 4.8125 g and the calculated k from the part 1 (k = 0.0315 year-1)

t = (1/k) ln (a/a-x) = (1/0.0315) ln (308.0/ 4.8125) = 132.02 years