Consider the reaction below: CH4(g)+O2(g)→ CO2(g)+2 H2O(g)
ΔH=−890.4kJ

Calculate the amount of heat (q) produced by the combustion of 3.04 L of methane at 1.52 atm under STP conditions.

Include your sign indicating if heat is absorbed or released.

the change in internal energy of the gases is  -3.0924 KJ

Explanation:

The computation of the change in internal energy of the gases is as follows;

Given that

Q = -3.1 KJ

= -3100 J

It is negative as the heat is lost from the mixture

And,

W = + 7.6 J

It is positive as the work is done in the mixture

Now we use the following equation

Delat E = Q + W

= -3100 J + 7.6 J

= -3092.4 J

= -3.0924 KJ

Hence, the change in internal energy of the gases is  -3.0924 KJ

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.