An automobile engine provides 631 Joules of work to push the pistons. In this process the internal energy changes by -2881 Joules. Calculate q for the engine. This represents the amount of heat that must be carried away by the cooling system.

q = - 2250 Joules

Explanation:

work, w = 631 joules

internal energy ΔU = -2881 joules

q = ?

The relationship between work, internal energy and q is given by the equation;

q + w =  ΔU

Since work is done by the automobile energy, it would have a negative sign, hence;

ΔU = q - w

Inserting the values and solving for q;

ΔU + w = q

q =  -2881 + 631

q = - 2250 Joules

c. electrical charges of ionic bonds.

qualitative observation deals with data that can be observed with our senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. they do not involve measurements or numbers. for instance, colors, shapes, and textures of objects are all qualitative observations.