The marble statue is completely exposed to the elements and it has a mass of 82.48 kg and a surface area of 240 sq. ft. The average pH of rainwater in Pittsburgh is 4.3. This is one of the lowest values of average pH found in the United States. This pH value will be used for some of the calculations that follow. Pittsburgh experiences high acid rain levels as combination of its own industry pollutants, and being in the west to east weather pattern from other industrialized areas. CALCULATIONS (Show work on all)
What is the hydrogen ion concentration during an average rainstorm in Pittsburgh?
How many Liters of rainfall would be necessary to completely deteriorate the marble statue?
During a rainstorm in which 1 inch of rain is falling per hour, an area of 280 sq. ft. is exposed to 660.1 L of rain per hour. At this rate how many hours would it have to rain in order for the entire statue to completely wash away?
If someone were to obtain a bucket full of rainwater (volume is 1 L) and drop a piece of calcium carbonate into it, what would be the rate of the reaction at that instant?

Suppose that the concentration of the greenhouse gas CO2 continues to increase in

our atmosphere until it reaches 500 ppm. What effect would this increase have on the pH

of rainwater? How much would the pH increase or decrease?

The increase in CO2 could decrease the pH of rainwater (if other sources of acidity like

SO2 and acidic aerosol particles are minimal).

With the CO2 mixing ratio = 380 ppm, [CO2(aq)] = KHPCO2 = (0.0338 M/atm)(3.8 x 10-4

atm) = 1.28 x 10-5 M

Reaction: CO2 + H2O ↔ H+

+ HCO3

-

Ka1 = 4.45 x 10-7

Note: although we can not really use an ICE (initial change equilibrium) table because

CO2 will not be depleted from the gas phase and CO2 will be constant, we can expect

that [H+

] = [HCO3

-

] (assuming no other sources of H+

)

Ka1 = 4.45 x 10-7 = [H+

][HCO3

-

]/[CO2] = [H+

]

2

/1.28 x 10-5

[H+

] = [(4.45 x 10-7)(1.28 x 10-5)]0.5 = 2.39 x 10-6 M

pH = 5.62

With CO2 mixing ratio = 500 ppm, [CO2(aq)] = 1.69 x 10-5 M, and pH = 5.56 (so a

decrease of 0.06 units).

Explanation:

a) the particles of the chair are strongly held together.

hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. they can be saturated (those which contain only carbon-carbon single bonds) or unsaturated (those which contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds) in nature. hydrocarbons can undergo several reactions like substitution, elimination etc.  

on substituting one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon it results in the formation of haloalkane. as the halogen atoms are large compared to the carbon and hydrogen atoms, due to which the molecular weight increases and the bond become polar because of presence electronegative halogen atom and results in the increase in boiling point of the haloalkane.

thus, the correct option is (b) that is the boiling point of the new compound increases on substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon.