The uniformitarian principle states that:

landforms were created by fast changes.

catastrophic events very likely changed the earth's surface.

slow processes of erosion and deposition created landforms.

the earth was once completely covered with water.

The independent variable is the type of music.the dependent variable is the pulse rate.the intervening variable is the age of the subject.if the mother does not like rock, her pulse is likely to not increase.the same might be true for the sister.the friend may like rap and gets excited.to establish cause/effect relationship, all of the subjects must be consistent.hope i .