Which organisms would be more closely related organisms in the same kingdom or organisms in the same phylum? Why?

1)each group 16 element has how many valence electrons? ( )4 ( )6 ( )8 ( )16 2)how many dots appear in the dot structure for calcium ion, ca2+? ( )zero ( )one ( )two ( )eight 3) which of the following atoms forms a cation to obtain an octet of outer shell electrons? ( )magnesium ( )oxygen ( )fluorine ( )helium 4) an al3+ ion contains 13 protons and 10 electrons. ( )true ( )false 5) valence and non-valence electrons are represented in lewis dot structures. ( )true ( )false

The atoms of a solid aluminum can are close together, vibrating in a rigid structure. if the can is warmed up on a hot plate, what happens to the atoms?

Briefly explain the process of refining of petroleum.