Chemistry, 10.10.2019 14:00 xmanavongrove55

Why does the distance between two nuclei in a covalent bond vary?

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Each atom has a different atomic radius, which is defined as the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electrons.

As the number of electrons increase across the rows, the atomic radius becomes smaller because there is a stronger magnetic pull between the nucleus and the electrons.

Since it is the outermost electrons that engage in bonding, the length of the bond depends on electrons in atom A and atom B coming close enough together that their outermost orbitals overlap.

Think of it this way, if you have a basketball and a tennis ball and touch them together, the distance between their centers could be called the covalent bond length. But if you compare basketball/tennis ball to beach ball/basketball "covalent bond", you can see that the larger the atoms, the longer the distance between their centers, and therefore the longer the bond length.

Hope this helps.

Answer from: Quest

what are the two models

explanation:

Answer from: Quest

answer : one can design an experiment using a liquid and an additive that can be added to the liquid and observe the chemical changes in the reaction species.

one would need a beaker which is filled with a known amount of the liquid in which thermometer is placed to measure the temperature changes; after addition of the additive to the liquid solution one can note down the temperature change and find whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic in nature. by subtracting the initial temperature value with the final temperature one can find the temperature changes.

various combinations of liquid and additive can be used. liquid in this case can be a known quantity of water and additives can be epsom salt or without epsom salt the experiment can be conducted to notice the changes. water and ice, hydrogen peroxide and dry yeast, vinegar and baking soda,etc.

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