How does the kinetic energy of a substance's particles in the gas phase compare to their kinetic energy in the solid phase?

a. the kinetic energy of the solid and liquid phases is the same.
b. the kinetic energy of the substance's particles will depend on the volume of the substance.
c. the particles have less kinetic energy in the gas phase than in the solid phase. d. the particles have more kinetic energy in the gas phase than in the solid phase.

it is to be noted that an alpha particle is an helium nucleus. so it contains 2 protons 2 neutrons and has a mass number of 4. when alpha decay particles are ejected from the nucleus it gets transformed into an atom which has atomic number less than 2 and a mass number less than 4.

an equation that could represent alpha decay is radium 226 decay of alpha particle forms radon 222.

→

atomic number of carbon is 6

electronic configuration of carbon is 1s²2s²2p²

orbital diagram of c is as shown here in the image.

"among the transition metal elements, manganese and zinc have a slight lowering of electronegativities. the reason behind this is that the nuclear charges of these elements are slightly weaker than the other transition metal elements due to the way their valence electrons are filled up. both manganese and zinc have their valence electrons filled up to the 4th shell with 1 pair of electrons (4s2) completely occupying it. although the electrons in the 3rd shell (3d) are yet to be paired since the outer most shell is filled up, the ability of the nucleus to attract electrons is lessened. hence,   the electronegativity (or the ability to attract electrons) is lessened."