One hundred million copper atoms are arranged in a line. which is a reasonable estimate for the length of this line?

4km is the total temerature change between 3 km and 7 km

Where? we need more.

Caso4(s) < > ca+2 + so4^-2 ksp = [ca+2][so4^-2] = 2.4 x 10^-5 = [0.20][so4^-2] [so4^-2] =1.2 x 10^-4 ag2so4(s) ,> 2ag+ + so4^-2 ksp = [ag+]^2[so4^-2] = 1.5 x 10^-5 = (0.30)^2[so4^-2] [so4^-2] = 1.5 x 10^-5/0.09 = 1.7 x 10^-4 caso4 would precipitate first since it requires less so4^- to form a saturated solution.  i believe this is right, i hope it !