Why does a solute depress the freezing point?
a. the solute is colder than the solvent.
b. the solute disrupts crystal formation by the solvent.
c. the solute tends to sink to the bottom of the solution.
d. the solute has bigger molecules than the solvent.

b The solute disrupts crystal formation by the solvent.

Explanation:

The solute disrupts the sovent's ability to form crystal lattice thereby lowering the temperature of the solvent known as freezing point depression.

The freezing point depression is the decrease of freezing point on addition of a volatile solute.

the electronic configuration of an atom with eight electrons is 1s²2s²2p⁴. the orbital diagrams are shown in the figure.

as per the hunds rule:

1. electrons tend to avoid being in the same orbital as per as practicable.

2. electrons in different orbitals of the same energy will have their spin parallel.

this can be illustrated from the multiplicity of the orbitals of the atom. as there are four electrons in the p orbital and p orbital has 3 sub-shells. the electrons can be fed in different ways as shown in the figure but the correct orbital diagram will be as per the hunds rule.

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