Ptolemy and copernicus were astronomers who had proposed theories about the solar system. ptolemy believed that the planets and the sun orbited earth. copernicus believed that earth and other planets circled a stationary sun. which of these statements best explains why ptolemy and copernicus made different observations about the solar system?

they studied outdated theories and evidences.
they had different backgrounds and interests.
they used incorrect methods of experimentation.
they made errors in their scientific calculations.

vanderwaal's forces of attraction are the electrostatic intermolecular forces that exist in a molecule due to the temporary or permanent dipoles that are developed in a molecule. in , the major intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions as the molecule is polar (bent structure). so the vanderwaal's forces of interaction in between molecules are the permanent dipole-dipole interactions that develop due to the dipole that exists in between the polar h - s bond. the positively charged hydrogen atom is attracted towards the negative end of the dipole that is sulfur of the adjacent molecule. therefore, these forces of attraction are relatively stronger than that of london dispersion forces that exist in non polar molecules.

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