For each of the following changes at equilibrium, indicate whether the equilibrium shifts in the direction of products, reactants, or does not change: CaCO3(s)+heat⇌CaO(s)+CO2(g) 1) increasing the temperature
shifts equilibrium in the direction of the reactants
does not change
shifts equilibrium in the direction of the products
2) decreasing the volume of the container
shifts equilibrium in the direction of the reactants
shifts equilibrium in the direction of the products
does not change
3) adding a catalyst
shifts equilibrium in the direction of the reactants
shifts equilibrium in the direction of the products
does not change
4) adding more CaO(s)
does not change
shifts equilibrium in the direction of the reactants
shifts equilibrium in the direction of the products

shifts equilibrium in the direction of the products

shifts equilibrium in the direction of the reactants

does not change

shifts equilibrium in the direction of the reactants

Explanation:

When a constraint such as a change in pressure, concentration or temperature is imposed on a reaction system in equilibrium, the equilibrium position will shift in such a way as to annul the constraint.

The reaction is endothermic as written. Hence, increase in temperature increases the rate of forward reaction thereby shifting the equilibrium position towards the products.

When the volume of a reaction is decreased, the equilibrium position shifts in the direction which produces the least total volume. In this case, decrease in volume shifts the equilibrium position towards the reactants.

A catalyst has no effect on the equilibrium position. However, a catalyst may cause equilibrium to be achieved faster or at a lower temperature.

When more CaO is added, the equilibrium position shifts towards the reactants side and more CaCO3 is produced.

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.

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