Decide which types of relief devices and configuration should be used for the following situations. Explain. a. The process fluid is highly toxic. b. The process operates close to the MAWP of the vessel. c. The process fluid tends to polymerize and plug. d. A very large relief is required. e. Two relief scenarios are identified: runaway reaction requiring a very large relief and a relief for more routine and much lower-pressure excursions. f. The process has regular and large pressure cycles. g. The fluid in the process contains liquid with small diameter solid particles. h. The process and vessel operate at very high pressures. i. A high-pressure scenario occurs very quickly. j. The process is at a high temperature. k. The relief discharges into a header with pressure fluctuations due to other activities elsewhere in the plant. l. The relief must discharge a high volume of fluid.

the electronic configuration of an atom with eight electrons is 1s²2s²2p⁴. the orbital diagrams are shown in the figure.

as per the hunds rule:

1. electrons tend to avoid being in the same orbital as per as practicable.

2. electrons in different orbitals of the same energy will have their spin parallel.

this can be illustrated from the multiplicity of the orbitals of the atom. as there are four electrons in the p orbital and p orbital has 3 sub-shells. the electrons can be fed in different ways as shown in the figure but the correct orbital diagram will be as per the hunds rule.

"among the transition metal elements, manganese and zinc have a slight lowering of electronegativities. the reason behind this is that the nuclear charges of these elements are slightly weaker than the other transition metal elements due to the way their valence electrons are filled up. both manganese and zinc have their valence electrons filled up to the 4th shell with 1 pair of electrons (4s2) completely occupying it. although the electrons in the 3rd shell (3d) are yet to be paired since the outer most shell is filled up, the ability of the nucleus to attract electrons is lessened. hence,   the electronegativity (or the ability to attract electrons) is lessened."