Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, available at a strength of 14%) is used as a disinfectant at a water treatment plant that processes 25 mgd of water. When added to water, sodium hypochlorite undergoes the reactions shown below. The facility would like to achieve aninitial hypochlorite dose of 4.5 mg/L OCl- and will disinfect the water pH=7.0. The disinfection chamber will have a L:W:D ratio of 60:1:1.Reaction #1: NaOCl-> Na+ OCl- no pKa...reaction proceeds tocompletionReaction #2: HOCl -> H+ + OCl- pKa = 7.6a. Based on Reaction #1, how much NaOCl (in gal/min) will be required to achieve the target dose?

Describe what happens to the molecules as water goes from ice to liquid to vapor. be sure to explain what happens to the temperature during the phase changes.

In most resting cells, the concentration of sodium ions is higher outside of cells compared with the intracellular fluid. when cells are stimulated, sodium ion channels open, and sodium diffuses from the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell. sodium ion concentrations in a resting cell are an example of and sodium ion movement in a stimulated cell is an example of in most resting cells, the concentration of sodium ions is higher outside of cells compared with the intracellular fluid. when cells are stimulated, sodium ion channels open, and sodium diffuses from the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell. sodium ion concentrations in a resting cell are an example of and sodium ion movement in a stimulated cell is an example of potential energy; kinetic energy kinetic energy; potential energy the energy of motion; stored energy chemical work; energy stored in chemical bonds

Challenge question: this question is worth 6 points. as you saw in problem 9 we can have species bound to a central metal ion. these species are called ligands. in the past we have assumed all the d orbitals in some species are degenerate; however, they often are not. sometimes the ligands bound to a central metal cation can split the d orbitals. that is, some of the d orbitals will be at a lower energy state than others. ligands that have the ability to cause this splitting are called strong field ligands, cnâ’ is an example of these. if this splitting in the d orbitals is great enough electrons will fill low lying orbitals, pairing with other electrons in a given orbital, before filling higher energy orbitals. in question 7 we had fe2+, furthermore we found that there were a certain number (non-zero) of unpaired electrons. consider now fe(cn)6 4â’: here we also have fe2+, but in this case all the electrons are paired, yielding a diamagnetic species. how can you explain this?