Why does fluorine have a higher electronegativity than lithium?

Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all the elements, with the largest nuclear charge fluorine has the strongest pull force. Fluorine has a single empty spot in its valence electron shell. One electron added will fill that shell. Lithium on the other hand has a single valence electron so adding an electron doesn't fill the shell.

No. an alpha particle is a pair of protons and a pair of neutrons, i.e. a helium

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