1) tools gather information from sources such as e-mails, text messages, and tweets and make the information instantly and publicly available for use in emergencies. a) social networking b) crowdsourcing c) crisis-mapping d) affective computing

C) Crisis- mapping

Explanation:

Crisis mapping gather all the information from different sources like e-mail, tweets and text messages.

It makes the information and data publicly available for use in many emergencies. it also analysis the data and display it during crisis.

The advantage of this method is that it basically increases the awareness among all the public so that they can easily report the information and improve the data management.  

Therefore, Option (C) is correct.

building and maintaining the topology is difficult and time consuming. the chance of redundant connections is high, which adds to the high costs and potential for reduced efficiency.

explanation: