An information system includes , which are programs that handle the input, manage the processing logic, and provide the required output.

applications

Explanation:

In an information system, applications or software are indispensable. This is because the entire data/info processing pipeline running on daily basis have been digitized. Users are heavily rely on the applications to gain and store new data, to manage and process the data and to deliver the necessary output. The applications enable the entire data processing work become more efficient, systematic and also more secure.

b. xor is the correct answer

answerstandard;