The LRU replacement policy is based on the assumption that if address A1 is accessed less recently than A2 in the past, then A2 will be accessed again before A1 in the future. Hence, A2 is given priority over A1. Discuss how this assumption fails to hold when a loop larger than the instruction cache is being continuously executed. For example, consider a fully associative 128-byte instruction cache with a 4- byte block (every block can hold exactly one instruction). The cache uses an LRU replacement policy.

Write a loop that prints each country's population in country_pop. sample output for the given program with input 'china: 1365830000,india: 1247220000,united states: 318463000,indonesia: 252164800': united states has 318463000 people. india has 1247220000 people. indonesia has 252164800 people. china has 1365830000 people.

Data is processed, stored, and transmitted as a series of 1s and 0s. each 1 or 0 is called a(n) . a series of eight 0s and 1s, called a(n) , represents one character—a letter, number, or punctuation mark. data becomes when it is presented in a format that people can understand and use. digital signals are represented by two different , such as +5 volts and +.2 volts. digital data can also take the form of light and dark spots etched onto the surface of a cd or the positive and negative orientation of particles on the surface of a hard disk. data consists of numbers that might be used in arithmetic operations. it can be represented digitally using the number system. data is composed of letters, symbols, and numerals that are not used in arithmetic operations. computers represent this type of data using , ebcdic, unicode, or utf-8. data is quantified using terms such as or kibibyte (1024 bytes), and prefixes such as or mebi (1,048,576), and giga or (1,073,741,824). to reduce file size and transmission times, digital data can be compressed. compression provides the means to compress data and reconstitute it into its original state. compression throws away some of the original data during the compression process. compressed files usually have at the end of the file name and are represented with special icons. these files have to be or unzipped before you can view the data they contain.

3. bob is arguing that if you use output feedback (ofb) mode twice in a row to encrypt a long message, m, using the same key each time, it will be more secure. explain why bob is wrong, no matter what encryption algorithm he is using for block encryption (15 points).