Which component, located on the motherboard, carries out all the instructions provided by computer programs?

Well, the processor, of course! More technically known as the CPU (Central Processing Unit).

This piece of hardware sits on the motherboard (the main PCB of the device), and essentially processes pretty much all the instructions and logic needed to not only make the application function, but also the device itself! No electronic device doesn't have a processor, as there are always some instructions that must be computed.

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