Languages such as COBOL and Fortran support a traditional approach to programming called the paradigm, which is based on a step-by-step . Various planning tools, such as structured English, , and flowcharts, help programmers plan the steps for a procedural program. Procedural languages provide programmers with a variety of control structures for specifying the order of program execution. A(n) directs the computer to execute one or more instructions not coded as part of the main execution path of a program. A(n) control provides a choice of paths based on whether a condition is true or false. A(n) control, or loop, repeats one or more instructions until a certain condition is met. The procedural paradigm provides a solid approach to problems that can be solved by following a set of steps. Procedural languages tend to produce programs that run quickly and use system resources efficiently.

3. ranga ramasesh is the operations manager for a firm that is trying to decide which one of four countries it should research for possible outsourcing providers. the first step is to select a country based on cultural risk factors, which are critical to eventual business success with the provider. ranga has reviewed outsourcing provider directories and found that the four countries in the table that follows have an ample number of providers from which they can choose. to aid in the country selection step, he has enlisted the aid of a cultural expert, john wang, who has provided ratings of the various criteria in the table. the resulting ratings are on a 1 to 10 scale, where 1 is a low risk and 10 is a high risk. john has also determined six criteria weightins: trust, with a weight of 0.3; quality, with 0.2; religious, with 0.1; individualism, with 0.2; time, with 0.1; and uncertainity, with 0.1. using the factor-rating method, which country should ranga select? why? (2 points)