A process on a host has a message of 2000 bytes to send to a process on another host. UDP and IPv4 is used to send this message from host 200.1.1.2 to host 64.120.1.253. The MTU is 1100 bytes. The header is a standard header with 0x24 as the identifier and type of service set to routine precedence and normal delay, normal throughput and high reliability. The datagrams are expected to take no more than 63 hops. The network layer at the source fragments the message sends two datagrams so that each fits in the MTU. The destination receives the two fragmented datagrams after a total of 10 hops. Give the IP datagrams received with as many fields filled with appropriate numerical values (in bits, hexadecimal or decimal format) as possible based on the information given. For fields whose numerical values cannot be determined, indicate their sizes in bytes.

Work with a monitor that’s calibrated and profiled. for critical image editing, calibration and profiling are essential. otherwise, the image you see on your monitor looks different on other monitors or when printed.plan to use adjustment layers to adjust the tonal range and color balance of your image. adjustment layers let you go back and make successive tonal adjustments without discarding or permanently modifying data from the image layer. keep in mind that using adjustment layers adds to the file size of the image and demands more ram from your computer. accessing the color and tonal commands in the adjustments panel automatically creates adjustment layers.if you don’t want to use adjustment layers, you can apply adjustments directly to an image layer. remember that some image information is discarded, when making a color or tonal adjustment directly to an image layer.for critical work and maximum preservation of image data, it’s best if the image you work with is 16 bits per channel (16‑bit image) rather than 8 bits per channel (8‑bit image). data is discarded when you make tonal and color adjustments. the loss of image information is more critical in an 8‑bit image than a 16‑bit image. generally, 16‑bit images have a larger file size than 8‑bit images.duplicate or make a copy of the image file. working on a copy of your image preserves the original in the event you want to use the image in its original state.remove any flaws such as dust spots, blemishes, and scratches from the image before making color and tonal adjustments.open the info or histogram panel in expanded view. as you evaluate and correct the image, both panels display invaluable feedback on your adjustments.you can make a selection or use a mask to confine your color and tonal adjustments to part of an image. another way to apply color and tonal adjustments selectively is to set up your document with image components on different layers. color and tonal adjustments are applied to only one layer at a time. only the image components on the targeted layer are affected.

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