The is used to change motherboard settings, finds a boot device, and contains instructions for running essential hardware before an os is started.

answer: internal fragmentation is the difference between the (fixed) size of a memory hole and the data within in that memory. for example, if a 1,024 byte block of memory holds 800 bytes of data, then the 224 bytes difference is considered lost to internal fragmentation.

external fragmentation occurs when the sum of memory fragments is large enough to satisfy a request, but the holes are non-contiguous and the request cannot be satisfied. this can occur when memory is dynamically allocated and freed.

explanation: