What is to be said about the dynamics of a first-order lag component of a loop with a time constant (τ) of zero? a. the dynamics are not a first-order lag. b. there is no response available. c. the response is algebraic or an instantaneous correspondence of output-to-input change. d. the maximum change response has been reached.

For each of the following process: a) sketch the p-v diagram, b)sketch t-s diagram, c) sketch t-v diagram, d) sketch the boundary work on one of the diagrams (a, b or c) and e) sketch the reversible heat transfer on one of the diagrams (a, b or c): 1- isobaric process from compressed liquid to superheated vapor 2- isothermal process from compressed liquid to superheated vapor 3- isentropic process from compressed liquid to superheated vapor