Given the expression, viz (-1/3) (2n + 1) a. write a matlab program in a script file hw6p3a. m that does the following: 1. (4 pts) determines the value of the expression above for a given m, entered by the user. use a for loop to determine the value of the expression by adding terms to the sum. ii. (2 pts you should notice that the value of the expression determined by your program approaches the value of pi in matlab as the number of terms increases. create a variable called prec (refers to precision), which refers to the absolute difference between the value of the expression and the value of pi in matlab. iii. (2 pts) use fprintf before the end of the loop to display the results as: for n = 1, value = x. to a precision of x. for n = 2, value = x. to a precision of x. use format i %.15f, $.10e for n, the value of expression, and the precision respectively. iv. (2 pts) use your program with m = 5 and 15. b. (4 pts) modify your program and save it to a new script file hw6p3b. m to terminate the loop once the precision reached a tolerance of 10–5. this can be done using a break statement. deactivate the printing inside the loop, instead, once the loop is terminated, the program must display the last value of the expression and how many passes the program takes to reach this value as a value of x. in xx passes with a precision of x. use format 8.15, %2i, 4.6e for the value of expression, n, and the precision, respectively. (1 pt) run this case with m = 100.

Infrared sensor is most used sensor in wireless technology where remote controlling functions and detection of surrounding objects/ obstacles are involved. this post will discuss about what is infrared sensor, its working principle, how it works, types, applications, advantages and disadvantages. what is infrared sensor

ir sensor is a simple electronic device which emits and detects ir radiation in order to find out certain objects/obstacles in its range. some of its features are heat and motion sensing.

ir sensors use infrared radiation of wavelength between 0.75 to 1000µm which falls between visible and microwave regions of electromagnetic spectrum. ir region is not visible to human eyes. infrared spectrum is categorized into three regions based on its wavelength i.e. near infrared, mid infrared, far infrared.

wavelength regions of infrared spectrum

near ir – 0.75µm to 3 µm
mid ir – 3 µm to 6 µm
far ir – > 6 µm
1 introduction to infrared sensor

fig. 1 – introduction to infrared sensor

working principle of infrared sensor

infrared sensors works on three fundamental physics laws:

planck’s radiation law: any object whose temperature is not equal to absolute zero (0 kelvin) emits radiation.
stephan boltzmann law: the total energy emitted at all wavelengths by a black body is related to the absolute temperature.
wein’s displacement law: objects of different temperature emit spectra that peak at different wavelengths that is inversely proportional to temperature.
key elements of infrared detection system

the key elements of infrared detection system are:

ir transmitter

ir transmitter acts as source for ir radiation. according to plank’s radiation law, every object is a source of ir radiation at temp t above 0 kelvin. in most cases black body radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon carbide, infrared lasers, leds of infrared wavelength are used as sources.

transmission medium

as the name suggests, transmission medium provides passage for the radiation to reach from ir transmitter to ir receiver. vacuum, atmosphere and optical fibers are used as medium.

ir receiver

generally ir receivers are photo diode and photo transistors. they are capable of detecting infrared radiation. hence ir receiver is also called as ir detector. variety of receivers are available based on wavelength, voltage and package.

ir transmitter and receivers are selected with matching parameters. some of deciding specifications of receivers are photosensitivity or responsivity, noise equivalent power and detectivity.