Consider a solar panel system composed of 100 w modules (i. e., panels) that is coupled with a lead acid battery storage system to be used for a small business. you only plan to store electricity overnight. assume that the panels produce electrical energy 8 hours each day and that the electrical energy is used steadily throughout the day. size the system so that you can provide 48 kwh per day. the capacity factor of the solar panels is 15%. the voltage controller efficiency is 90%. the round trip efficiency is 78%. the depth of discharge is 80%. during the day when power is available from the panels it is provided directly to the house and is not stored in the batteries.

the cell efficiency is 17%. the installed cost of the system is $4.00/w including the pv panels, battery storage, inverters, and modifications to the house. the system has a solar access factor of 95%, a cleanliness factor of 98%, a temperature derate factor of 0.88, wiring and mismatch loss reduction factor 95%, an inverter efficiency of 90%, and a storage efficiency (i. e., round trip efficiency) of 95% based on input energy. assume that all power delivered by the system is provided through the batteries. solar insolation in the region average averages 250 w/m2 year round. the system may be purchased with a 20 year payback period at an interest rate of 6%. o& m costs are $0.01/kwh. the household has an annual electricity usage of 11,000 kwh. each panel requires 0.72 m2 of roof area.

how much power do the panels need to provide directly to the house (kwh/day)?

how much power do the panels need to provide to the batteries (kwh/day)?

what is the needed rated capacity of the solar panels (kw)?

Electronically let me know if that’s right .

Infrared sensor is most used sensor in wireless technology where remote controlling functions and detection of surrounding objects/ obstacles are involved. this post will discuss about what is infrared sensor, its working principle, how it works, types, applications, advantages and disadvantages. what is infrared sensor

ir sensor is a simple electronic device which emits and detects ir radiation in order to find out certain objects/obstacles in its range. some of its features are heat and motion sensing.

ir sensors use infrared radiation of wavelength between 0.75 to 1000µm which falls between visible and microwave regions of electromagnetic spectrum. ir region is not visible to human eyes. infrared spectrum is categorized into three regions based on its wavelength i.e. near infrared, mid infrared, far infrared.

wavelength regions of infrared spectrum

near ir – 0.75µm to 3 µm
mid ir – 3 µm to 6 µm
far ir – > 6 µm
1 introduction to infrared sensor

fig. 1 – introduction to infrared sensor

working principle of infrared sensor

infrared sensors works on three fundamental physics laws:

planck’s radiation law: any object whose temperature is not equal to absolute zero (0 kelvin) emits radiation.
stephan boltzmann law: the total energy emitted at all wavelengths by a black body is related to the absolute temperature.
wein’s displacement law: objects of different temperature emit spectra that peak at different wavelengths that is inversely proportional to temperature.
key elements of infrared detection system

the key elements of infrared detection system are:

ir transmitter

ir transmitter acts as source for ir radiation. according to plank’s radiation law, every object is a source of ir radiation at temp t above 0 kelvin. in most cases black body radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon carbide, infrared lasers, leds of infrared wavelength are used as sources.

transmission medium

as the name suggests, transmission medium provides passage for the radiation to reach from ir transmitter to ir receiver. vacuum, atmosphere and optical fibers are used as medium.

ir receiver

generally ir receivers are photo diode and photo transistors. they are capable of detecting infrared radiation. hence ir receiver is also called as ir detector. variety of receivers are available based on wavelength, voltage and package.

ir transmitter and receivers are selected with matching parameters. some of deciding specifications of receivers are photosensitivity or responsivity, noise equivalent power and detectivity.