Lead screens for the protection of personnel in x-ray diffraction laboratories are usually at least 1 mm thick.
calculate the "transmission factor" (itrans./incident) of such a screen for cu kα, mo kα, and the shortest wavelength radiation from a tube operated at 30,000 volts.

Thermal stresses are developed in a metal when its a) initial temperature is changed b) final temperature is changed c) density is changed d) thermal deformation is prevented e) expansion is prevented f) contraction is prevented

Water in a partially filled large tank is to be supplied to the roof top, which is 8 m above the water level in the tank, through a 2.2-cm-internal-diameter pipe by maintaining a constant air pressure of 300 kpa (gage) in the tank. if the head loss in the piping is 2 m of water, determine the discharge rate of the supply of water to the roof top in liters per second.

Ifa component is made of two or more materials with different modulus of elasticity (e), it is called a composite member and we calculate the factor·n". mention the formula for calculating n". also, ifn> 1, explain what will happen to the 1. transformed.gi) ifn 1, what will happen to the material when transformed material when