In orthogonal machining, the tool has a rake angle α = 10°, chip thickness before cut is 0.5 mm, chip thickness after cut is 1.15 mm and depth of cut is 3 mm. The cutting and thrust forces are measured at Fc = 1550 N and Ft = 1270 N, while the cutting speed is 60 m/min. Determine:

a. machining shear strain.
b. shear stress
c. cutting power
d. coefficient of friction between tool and chip (µ)
e. shear angle
f. shear force, Fs
g. chip velocity
h. shear velocity
i. MRR
j. specific energy
k. friction power
l. shear power
m. Gross power to operate the machine tool P, if the mechanical efficiency is 0.87.
n. draw the merchant’s circle by using a reasonable scale
p. resultant force, R
q. friction angle, ß