Carbonate system plays a very important role in natural and engineered systems, as it serves as a buffer system in pH regulation. With the introduction of the acid-base concept in the class and the illustration of how pH changes with respect to the addition of different carbonic compounds (e. g., carbonic acid, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium carbonate) into a water solution, the pH value at the equilibrium can be calculated in a closed system. Using the same approach, the pH value can also be calculated in an open system, where different carbonic compounds are added into a water solution. For this, you are asked to calculate the pH under an open system in a solution containing the following chemical. (you need provide all the derivation for the answer) a. 10 M H2CO3 b. 10-5 M NaHCO3 C. 10-SM Na2CO3 Use PC-pH diagram and approximation to solve the problems in items a, b, and c. d. Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize strong acid. It can be calculated based on the following equation: [Total ALK] = [OH-] + [HCO3] + 2[CO3] - [H] At the pH obtained in items a, b, and c, calculate the total ALK (use mg CaCO3/L as the unit).