A ladder logic program and the associated physical input/output components are given below. Lighting changes from full darkness to bright light. Without pressing any pushbutton, which statement is true?

a. In the first rung I1 is true
b. O2 is true
c. I3 is true
d. In the second rung I1 is false

Asteam is contained in a rigid tank with a volume of 1 m3. initially, the pressure and temperature are 7 bar and 500 oc, respectively. the temperature drops due to cooling process. determine: (1) the temperature at which condensation begins in °c, (2) the fraction of the total mass that has condensed when the pressure decreased to 0.5 bar. (3) the volume in m3 occupied by saturated liquid at the final state?