8. A railcar is being splash filled with toluene. The cars are 38 m3 in volume, and the filling hole is 0.10 m in diameter. It takes 30 minutes to fill the rail car. Estimate the concentration of toluene in this vicinity if the ventilation rate is 85 m3/min. The temperature is 25°C and the pressure is 1 atm. Assume non-ideal mixing (k=0.1).

Different types of steels contain different elements that alter the characteristics of the steel. for each of the following elements, explain what the element does when alloyed with steel.

Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator as superheated vapor at 0.14 mpa and -10°c at a rate of 0.05 ka/s and leaves at 0.8 mpa and 50°c. the refrigerant is cooied in the condenser to 0.72 mpa and 26'c. it is then throttled to 0.15 mpa. sketch the t-s diagram for the system and evaluate: 6) the rate of heat removai from the refrigerated space (kw), it) the power input to the compressor (kw), ii) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor (%), and iv) the cop of the refrigerator.

Prove the equivalence between the two statements of the 2nd law of thermodynamics (i.e., a violation of one statement leads to the violatio the other statement)